Summary. In 1319, 76-year-old Bishop Walter de Langton visited Lychefeld to see projects he had funded. The fortified Close now had a magnificent palace. The cathedral was being extended. Chad’s new shrine needed consecrating.
Prior to 1319
Walter de Langton was born in the
village of either West Langton[1] or
Church Langton, Leicestershire, in 1243. He said his father was Simon Peverel, [2] whose family had ruled from Peveril Castle in
Derbyshire, since 1066. The Peverels had family links to landowners in Dudley, Tutbury
and Northamptonshire. Family members were in the church; an uncle had been Dean
of York in 1262 and then elected archbishop in 1265 only for it to be rejected
by the pope. In 1281–2, Walter became the clerk of the wardrobe in Edward I’s
royal chancery, and in 1290 was made Bishop of Ely and then keeper of
the wardrobe. During this time, he obtained many ecclesiastical
preferment's, making him rich. Langton had been clerk to Robert Burnell, Bishop
of Bath and Wells and treasurer of the exchequer, and in 1295, he succeeded to
the post of treasurer and retained it until 1307, bringing him more wealth. In 1296,
he became Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, [3] with
his enthronement delayed until 1299. He now used his considerable wealth to
enhance the approaches to the cathedral, the cathedral, and The Close.[4]
AI enhanced
statue of Walter de Langton from the middle tier, right side, of the west
front.
There was another side to his rise in power. In 1307,
he was accused of committing adultery over two years with the wife of Sir John
Lovetot, and then murdering the woman’s husband. He was charged with
misappropriating funds, communicating with the devil, committing trespass,
misbehaving to gain money and concealing his felonies. He was imprisoned in the
Tower, at Windsor and then Wallingford for more than a year.[5]
He was in prison again in 1311 for a short time, but later exonerated from all
his wrongdoings. By 1319, he was accepted back by the king, Edward II, though had
lost much of his power. However, he retained his considerable wealth, owning 11
large houses, at least three palaces, including one very large palace in the
Strand, London, two castles and much land. He rebuilt the diocesan seat of
Eccleshall Castle. It has been estimated at his death in 1321 he left land,
money and mortgages worth £50K which today is almost £11.1billion.[6]
In 2011. he was thought to have been the 53rd richest person to have lived in
England since 1066.
The
year 1319 imagined.
In January 1319, Bishop Langton, aged 76, visited
churches and priories[7]
in the diocese around Lychefeld. On Thursday 12 January he stayed
overnight in his new palace within the cathedral Close.
AI rendition of entering the southeast Close gate. Langton obtained a licence, April 20, 1299, to strengthen and crenellate the boundary walls of The Close. In 1317, Edward II ordered The Close to be securely defended on his behalf. The Dam Street causeway was earlier than the Bacon – Bird Street causeway, 1310, and there is no evidence with a link to Langton. But he could have improved it when adding the walls. The banner above the gate is that for the Angevin empire.
AI rendition
of Langton and outriders entering The Close. The twin semi-octagonal towers at
the Dam Street entrance were incomplete in 1319, taking another 3 or 4 years to
have massive oak doors fitted and later a drawbridge and portcullis (around 50
years later). It was a postern gate, that is secondary to the main gate and
used only with permission.
Entering The Close would reveal the
work being done on the east end of the cathedral.[8] Work on the Lady Chapel started around
1315, and was completed about 1336.[9]
AI rendition of possibly the 4th year on building the Lady Chapel.
The riders moved to the gate in the wall surrounding
the bishop’s palace; this inner wall increased security. The palace was
built against the east wall of The Close and completed by around 1314.[10]
It had attached octagonal towers and turrets. It was 320 feet long and 160 feet
wide. Layout of the
palace is known from Henry Greswold’s drawing of 1685.[11]
It is unclear how much of the palace in the drawing was originally present in
1299. The ‘Lady’s Chamber’ is problematical and might have been a lesser hall.
The chapel might have been at ground level. A treasury is not shown on the
drawing. Also missing is a bakery, granary, hay barn, saucery (a room to
prepare sauces), dovecot, and pinfold. The gateway on the south side might have
been widened for carriages. The gardens had an herbarium and a pond. Water
passed to the palace through lead pipes.[12]
Lead and tin were added to the roofing, though the outer buildings were
probably thatched. Size, dimensions and architecture were similar to the
Bishop’s Palace at Wells, 1275-92.
AI rendition of the 1685 layout of the palace.
The palace in 1319 might look like this, if loosely based on
the palace at Wells Cathedral.
AI rendition of the original palace. Below the chapel were cellars, a kitchen and brewhouse. The tower would have rooms for lodging. Staff lived in rooms against the wall on the right.
The palace was described as spacious and splendid with
the great hall hundred feet long and fifty-six feet broad, painted with the
coronation, marriages, wars, and funeral of King Edward I, his patron. The Queen described Langton as 'the king's right eye.’[13] The hall is thought to have
been the 5th or 6th largest in the country. The kitchen was accessed by stairs
in the southern corner going down to ground level.
Langton in the Great Hall, His diners could be family drawn from across the Midlands.
Early on Friday 13 January, he visited
the cathedral to see his new shrine to St Chad. He joined the Dean, John
de Derby, who had held the post for 29 years, 1280-1319. John died on October 12 and was
buried in the cathedral. The bishop greeted many canons and chantry priests
waiting at the west door. One could have been Walter’s brother, Robert, who
held the prebend of Handsacre, and before that Flixton and Stotfold. The west
front of the cathedral was probably unfinished and might not have had spires on
the towers.[14]
Niches were filled with gilded statues and the niches painted red. It is
thought the cathedral was not completed until the late-1330s.
AI rendition of the bishop being met by all the priests and acolytes of the cathedral. This image is the earliest known of the cathedral, and was published in 1655. To the left can be seen the half-timber, half-brick old library later destroyed in the Civil War. The green is painted foliage, but the amount present is questionable. Most likely there were many small angels sculpted, if like at Wells and Salisbury.
Around 1303, Langton gave £2120 to Paris stonemasons
to sculpt a monument for Chad’s new shrine in the retroquire. On the stone
plinth was set a model of the cathedral in silver and gold. The shrine could
have been in place behind the high altar by 1307- 8. A Lichfield Muniment
Inventory of 1345 estimated its value at £2000. It was decorated with 6
rubies, 5 sapphires, 15 large emeralds, 16 pearls and many small stones. Some
jewels were set in an image of Chad. It is unclear which relics were kept in
the casket within the confines of the model cathedral, and which were still in
St Chad’s Head Chapel.[15]
AI rendition of Bishop Langton blessing his new shrine to Chad probably in a small chapel behind the high altar. The gilded roof is a conjecture based on Becket’s tomb having one. It would have been raised or lowered by a rope or chain. The shrine had railings around it.
After
this ceremony Langton left Lychefeld for Tame worth or Tamworth.[16]
[1]
T. Cox, Survey of the ancient and present
state of Great Britain, (London:
1738), 233.
[2] Until recently, he was said to be of lowly birth and
loosely connected with the Peverel family. See J. Blackwell Hughes, ‘The
episcopate of Walter Langton, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 1296-1321, with
a calendar of his register’, Unpub. thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992,
198.
[3]
His consecration by Béraud de Got, cardinal-bishop of Albano, took place
on 23 December 1296, at Cambrai, where he was engaged in peace negotiations
with the papal nuncios. On his return he made his profession of obedience to
the archbishop before the high altar at Canterbury.
[4]
For a fuller account of the early years of Langton see the post, ‘Bishop Walter
Langton - local benefactor.’
[5]
J. B. Stone, A history of Lichfield cathedral, from its foundation to the
present time. with a description of its architecture and monuments. with
photographic illustrations, (1870). 22.
[6]
P. Beresford, The richest of the rich; the wealthiest 250 people in Britain
since 1066. (Petersfield: 2011), 118. Langton was 53rd in the list having
1% of the national income.
[7]
J. B. Hughes, ‘The episcopate of Walter Langton, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield,
1296-1321, calendar of his register," Thesis for Nottingham Univ. (1992)
Vol. 1, 283. His visitations in January
1319 were: Monday 9th at Sandwell Priory, 11th at Canwell Priory and Shenstone,
12th at Farewell Priory staying overnight at Lichfield, 13th at Tamworth, 14th
at Harlaston, passing through Lichfield and staying at Clifton Campville, 15th
at Burton Abbey, 16th at Barton-under-Needwood, staying at Tatenhill and on
17th ending at Tutbury Priory.
[8] In his will Langton, bequeathed £860 13s 3d towards
completing the Lady Chapel, and it is thought this was sufficient, but it is
unclear.
[9]
In 1336, William de Heywood and Robert
Aylbrick were admitted as custodians of the fabric of the chapel of the Blessed
Mary. This is taken to indicate the Chapel was now being used.
[10] It might not have been completed until 1314, when
Langton visited Lichfield. VCH volume 14, suggests work began on the palace in
1304 and was completed by 1314.
[11]
Plan of Langton’s Palace reconstructed from Plate XVI in The
Reliquary, quarterly Archaeological Journal and Review, (London: 1866–67),
7, 254. Also, from a drawing in the Bodleian Library, Tanner 217, f.42.
[12]
Water had been piped to The Close from 1140-70.
[13]
N. Denholm-Young, The liber epistolaris of Richard de Bury, (Roxburghe
Club Oxford: 1950) 317. He was appointed the principal executor of the king’s will.
[14]
Two friars minor from Clonmel, Ireland, were on their pilgrimage to Jerusalem
and saw the cathedral in 1323. They kept a diary and described the three
towers. This is ambiguous and might or might not include the spires.
[15]
The shrine was not in place in the Lady Chapel entrance until around 1360.
Langton would see it in a small chapel at the end of the squared
choir-presbytery.
[16]
In 1319 the king gave Tamworth charters confirming the townspeople certain
rights.