Dissidents in the market square.

 Dissidents1 

Plaque stating in 1153 King Stephen granted to Bishop Durdent the right to hold a market on Sunday.

     In 1387, Richard II granted an ordinance for a Guild of St Mary and St John the Baptist (really two Guilds brought together) with a declared aim to

maintain divine service and works of charity and to suppress vice and evil deeds ... so that peace, tranquillity, concord and unity should be promoted in the town.

Richard II. There are at least 10 dates in 1398 when Richard stayed at Lichfeld, presumably to consult his friend, Bishop Scrope.

 For this, the king received £30. The ordinance banned subversive gatherings and strengthened the hand of the bishop as sole Lord of the town. It did not stop a riot in 1436 when townsfolk surrounded the Close and assaulted some residents. Around 50 members, men and women, joined the Guild after payment (3 pence a quarter was a standard rate). One of the Guilds’ responsibilities was to maintain the water supply which fed to taps near the Friary and in the Market Square. Another was to collect fines and rents and keep in a box with three keys. On occasions, the three key-holders opened the box and gave to the poor. The Guild appointed its own chaplains and they served in St Mary’s church. The Guild was terminated with Dissolution in 1547; it must have lost much of its property to the crown.

In 1530, a market cross shaped as a shelter was constructed in the square, replacing an open area with a high cross atop some steps. Eight pillars held up a vaulted roof with sculptures of apostles atop each pillar. A central turret contained a market bell. Within the canopy were stocks. It was destroyed in the first siege of the Civil War.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Market square[2]

Dean Denton's Market Cross

 During the reign of Queen Mary, in the1550s,[3] several dissidents were burned for their faith in the market square. John Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’[4] gives little information on the first two executions. Thomas Hayward and John Goreway were executed sometime in mid-September 1555 for, in Foxe’s words being condemned as heretics for the confession of a good faith. They were said to have sung praises in the flames. Robert Glover and Cornelius Bongey or Bungey were tried for heresy in the cathedral Consistory Court and burned at Coventry in September 1555. Joyce Bowes was burned in August 1557 at ‘Litchfield’ and Joyce or Jocasta Lewis in the following December. Joyce of Mancetter was part of a privileged Catholic family. Her uncle, Hugh Latimer, was burnt at Oxford in 1555. Her irreverent behaviour was reported to the Bishop of Lichfield  who sent a citation which it is said, Lewis forced the official to eat! The bishop then bound her husband to a sum of £100 to bring his wife to trial within a month, which he did in spite of pleading from her friends. Joyce was sentenced to a year in jail and with no subsequent recanting was burned. Eleven of her supporters were summoned to account for their actions and all recanted.

Joyce Lewis shown in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs first published in 1563. Wikimedia Commons.

     The last burning in Lichfield was Edward Wightman on 11 April 1612 who had preached an extreme form of heresy in the time of James I.[5] Throughout his trial Wightman made no attempt to defend himself. With the first attempt of burning in the Market square, 20 March 1612, local people pulled away the wood and saved him, claiming he recanted. He was jailed for three weeks, but refused to recant, so was put to a fire on Easter Saturday at an unknown public space in the town. Wightman was the last heretic in England to perish. His chaplain was William Laud, the future Archbishop of Canterbury, an autocratic High Church priest who was later executed, 1645, for his beliefs. For a greater account of Edward Wightman see Patrick Comerford’s Blog for 2012 entitled ‘Remembering the last heretic burned at the stake 400 years ago’.

                                Plaque in Market Square recording burnings.

Edmund Gennings, 1567–1591, was born in Lichfield and ordained priest at the age of 23 in 1590. He was caught saying Mass in the house of Saint Swithun Wells at Gray’s Inn in London on 7 November 1591. For this he was hanged, drawn and quartered at Gray’s Inn Fields. He was canonised as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales by Pope Paul VI on 25 October 1970.
            An act was passed in 1677 forbidding the burning of heretics.

          Eleanor Davies, 1590–1652, wrote around 70 pamphlets describing prophesies based on confused biblical references. After her release from prison, she was arrested again and sent to Bedlam, London.  She then poured tar over the altar in Lichfield Cathedral, sat on the bishop’s throne and called herself an archbishop in 1637. She was placed in the Tower, 1638, and released in 1640.

      Plaque in Market Square recording Fox's visit.

In 1651, George Fox, 1624–1691, the founding Quaker, entered the Market Place shouting Cry, Woe unto the bloody city of Lichfield.  He envisaged with prophetic judgement that through the town ran a channel of blood and he likened the market square to a pool of blood. He harkened to the massacre fable of a thousand Christians (as well as be aware of the recent Civil War slaughter) and wrote, so the sense of this blood was upon me. There is a plaque in the market place which states shortly after his release from prison in Derby, at the beginning of the winter of 1651, (Fox) stood without shoes on a market day in the Market Place and denounced the City of Lichfield. 

Painting by Robert Spence, 1897, of George Fox ranting in the market Square. The painting is in the Heritage Centre (Hub) in the market square.

Fox had recently been released after spending a miserable year in Derby Gaol, the first of eight imprisonments and it is thought he was suffering from some kind of mania. Perhaps, he saw this as an exorcising of the past misdeeds of the city.[6]

                                 George Fox reputedly from a painting by  

                                      Peter Lely.  Wikimedia.

---

[1] The mid-16th century meaning of Dissident is merely differing in opinion or character.

[2] Taken from J. Jackson, History of the City and Cathedral of Lichfield. (London: 1805).

[3] It is thought around 300 people were executed in a five-year period (Foxe’s estimation). They are known as the Marian Martyrs.

[4] Originally published 1563 and titled Actes and Monuments of these latter and perillous days. Touching matters of the church. Later editions had the title A history of the lives, sufferings and triumphant deaths of the primitive Protestant Martyrs.

[5] James I believed witches existed and wrote a book on how to find them.

[6] Detractors have said the whole performance was contrived.

Plague on Lichfield

Facts on plague.  

• Caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis which circulates in rodents such as rats, mice, marmots, gerbils, ground-squirrels and even cats.  It was passed by rodent fleas and itch mites. These were easily transmitted with hand-me-down clothes and sleeping on a bed with others. Multiple occupancy of dwellings often meant several generations died together. 
•  It enters lymph nodes in the groin, armpit and neck causing painful swellings called buboes, which can blacken  If the buboes suppurate, the stench of the pus is overpowering.  
• After two days there is a fever, chills, headaches, body-aches, fatigue, vomiting. 70% of victims survive this stage.
•  If it enters the blood, it causes septicaemia, which can darken the skin. If it enters the lungs, it causes pneumonia. Few survive this stage.
•  These victims can pass on the disease in respiratory droplets.  Antibiotics can cure if given within 24 hours of symptoms appearing. There are old vaccines which the WHO does not recommend. 
• It is a re-emerging disease with variants resistant to antibiotics and most of the outbreaks are the lethal pneumonic form.[1]

     Bubonic plague has led to three major pandemics and many smaller ones. Before the sixth century there must have been major pandemics, but they have not been attested.

Old Testament Plague of boils, probably smallpox, in the Toggenburg, Switzerland, Bible, 1411. Public Domain, Wikimedia.

 

First Pandemic was first recorded for Britain c. 549.[2] It came from Egypt via the Middle East and Europe, lasted for more than 200 years, and came to an end c. 750. This pandemic was also called the Justinian plague after the emperor who ascended the papal throne when the plague started. It killed seven known leaders in Ireland, some kings in Wales, Wigheard archbishop-elect of Canterbury, several bishops including Cedd bishop of the East Saxons, and Chad of Mercia. Various settlements ceased to exist in a comparatively short time and the plague has been implicated. One notable example is the Roman town of Viroconium (Wroxeter) which was thought to have had several thousand inhabitants spread over 195 acres before the plague and within two decades had shrunk to around 25 acres. A population reduction of sixty percent in south-west Britain has been estimated. Bede described the pandemic in 664.[3]

“In the same year a sudden pestilence first depopulated the southern parts of Britain and afterwards attacked the kingdom of Northumbria, raging far and wide with cruel devastation and laying low a vast number of people. The plague did equal destruction in Ireland”.  

 A plague outbreak in 686 killed all the monks in the monastery at Jarrow except Ceolfrith and a young lad in his care that may have been Bede. 

            In 672, it was probably plague that killed Chad in Lichfield (Licitfelda). Bede described his dying in the following way,[4] Chad urged Owine and seven brothers to meet him in the church. He urged them all to live in love and peace with each other and then announced the day of his death was close at hand. “For the beloved guest who has been in the habit of visiting our brothers has deigned to come today to me also.” Owine later heard angels singing and Chad explained they were angel spirits coming for him. For seven days his body became weaker before he died on March 2. He was buried in the cemetery field near St Mary’s church and archaeology has shown this was a site now under the nave platform in the cathedral.

 

Second Pandemic, also known as The Black Death, was a variant of bubonic plague, and appeared to have started in the late 1330s at two cemeteries near Lake Issyk-Kul in the north of modern-day Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia. It passed with the Mongols giving siege to a Crimean trading post and then quickly passed through Europe between 1346 and 1353 causing a great loss of population; 50 million has been mentioned. Proportionally it was more destructive than the First World War with a third of the population killed and in some places as much as two-thirds. In England its dates were c.1348-50. It is generally considered to have entered England through the Dorset seaport of Melcombe Regis, now Weymouth, during May or June of 1348, but the ports of Bristol and Southampton[5] have also been cited. Possibly as much as half the population was killed in the two years. Around 1300 the population was possibly close to 4 million, but by the Poll Tax in 1377 it was 2.5 to 3 million. Recurring bouts in 1361-2, 1369 and 1375 probably killed another 10-15%. That means 60% of the population died within 30 years.[6] 

 

Black Death in London. Wikimedia. Public Domain

 

A plague mortality figure of 40% of priests within the Lichfield diocese has been calculated, though strangely, there is no record of any death of cathedral clergy.[7] Clergy probably unwittingly helped to spread the disease. Such mortality was close to the national rate. Thirteen of the 17 dioceses kept registers of their mortality and Lichfield’s stands out as the most complete. Bishop Roger Northburgh, 1322–58, recorded 459 livings in the diocese and 188 suddenly became vacant and this is assumed to be the result of plague-deaths. This assumption has been challenged.[8] It is likely some parishes were wiped out and the priest was forced to move away. It has also been stated the plague started in Lichfield in April 1349 and was virtually over by the end of October. Again, this seems unusual. The same writer described how the bishop continued his work during the worst time of July without panic or confusion. The national outlook was the disease was baffling, its origin was said to come from supernatural causes and death was to be expected. It was a pestilence of biblical proportions and caused fear.

The disease was a threat to life over a long period of time.[9] England endured thirty-one major outbreaks  between 1348 and 1485, a pattern mirrored on the continent, where Perugia was struck nineteen times and Hamburg, Cologne, and Nuremburg at least ten times each in the fifteenth century. Venice endured twenty-one outbreaks to 1630. In 1553, Lichfield with an estimated population of around 2000, was again gripped by the plague; and again in 1564 and 1593–4.  On this last occasion it has been written that upwards of eleven hundred inhabitants died.[10] During the Civil War, 1645–6, the city was again afflicted and 821 deaths were reported in one year.[11]  Then the Great Plague, 1665/6, struck in London, killing 75,000 and later affecting other parts of England. It is known the plague occurred in Lichfield in September 1665 and was blamed on a family giving lodging to travellers from London. There is no evidence it became endemic in Lichfield, which is surprising because this was at a time of the great rebuilding of the cathedral. The last outbreak was in Malta in 1813. All the death tolls can only be estimations.

Mortality Paradox

Mortality numbers for the 14th-century are 19th-century estimations. Pollen records in England do not show a slow-up of agriculture, yet 90% of the population was rural. Archaeology has not revealed increased mass burials. There was no disruption of issue of coins. It is now considered the high levels of death have yet to be substantiated.

 The Third Pandemic started in the Yunnan province of China in 1772, reached Hong Kong in 1894 and then killed an estimated 20 million people in the world. Its rate of spread was slow and mortality was around 1%, compared with fast infection and up to 50% mortality in the second pandemic. It petered out in the 1940s, but sporadic outbreaks of plague have occurred since, such as in California and Madagascar.

Consequences

·         It is said the Black Death interfered with building of the cathedral, but the protracted period of poor weather and poor harvests before the epidemic would also have affected work and labour supply.

·         It is known the plague increased bigotry. God’s anger was interpreted as being caused by sinful people and blame fell on Jews, friars, foreigners, beggars and even pilgrims. Folklore took over and it was infused with prejudice.

·         The change of name from Licetfelda to Lychfield was reinforced with preoccupation of death in a field.[12] There was a widespread construction of shrines for the survivors to express gratitude and perhaps guilt.[13] There was a resurgence in appealing to the Virgin Mary for salvation.

·         New men of a younger generation filled the shoes of those who died. They would have had a different outlook, worked in different ways and were less beholden to feudal lords. Patrons were often new men and the epidemic must have had a huge effect on the way they organised.

·         Recruitment was needed for the church and often laymen joined the clergy. Pluralism in which members of the church held many offices and gained much remuneration became common. It inevitably reduced standards.

·         The population of Lichfield returned to its pre-epidemic levels within twenty years; by 1664 it was estimated to be 2,500.[14]  This was unusual, England did not recover to its pre-plague population level until 1600.

[1] Covid-19 killed just 1% before vaccination was given. Plague still kills 10%. A Plague variant could be the next epidemic. See G. Lawton, ‘Return of the Plague’, New Scientist. 28 May 2022, 48–51.

[2] D. Keys, Catastrophe. An investigation into the origins of the Modern World. (London: 1999). 114.

[3] HE Book 3, Chapter 27. J. McClure and R. Collins, Bede. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. (Oxford: 2008), 161.

[4] Ibid. Book 4, Chapter 3, McClure and Collins (2008), 176.

[5] Henry Knighton, c. 1337-96, an Augustinian Canon suggested it entered England through Southampton and reached London via trade routes through Winchester.

[6] S. Thurley, ‘How the Middle Ages were built: exuberance to crisis, 1300–1408’. Gresham Lecture 2011.

[7] J. Lunn, The Black Death in the Bishop’s Registers. Unpub. thesis University of Cambridge (1930) now lost.

[8] J. F. D. Shrewsbury, A history of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles. (Cambridge: 1970).

[9] A plague cemetery in East Smithfield, London, revealed skeletons with a peak age of death of between 26 and 45, with a preponderance being male.

[10] T. Harwood, The history and antiquities of the church and city of Lichfield. (London: 1806), 304. The incumbent of Alrewas wrote, “This yeare in the Summertime,1593, there was a great plague in England in Divers Cities and Townes . . . and in Lichfield their died to the number of ten hundred and odde and as at this time of wryting not cleane ceassed being the 28 of November. This number is anecdotally supported by the St. Michael's parish register which recorded an increase in burials in May and June with very high figures in July and August.

[11] Ibid, 306. Elias Ashmole wrote a note listing deaths by streets for the year 1645 and recorded 821. Plague continued until 1647 and is thought to have killed one third of the population of Lichfield.

[12] See the post ‘Lichfield changed its name’.

[13] D. MacCulloch, A history of Christianity. (London: 2010), 553.

[14] C. J. Harrison, ‘Lichfield from the Reformation to the Civil War’, Staffordshire Archaeological and Historical Society Transactions, (1980), 22, 122.

The inquisition of Robert Glover - a Lollard martyr

     Robert Glover was one of twelve Lollard heretics or Coventry Martyrs burnt at the stake in Coventry on 19[1] September 1555 after a bigoted inquisition.

Robert was born in the village of Mancetter, Warwickshire, c. 1515, the second son of John Glover of Baxterley, Warwickshire. He was educated at Eton College and then King’s College, Cambridge, aged 18. He gained a B.A. 4 or 5 years later and then a M. A. aged 26. He married Mary, niece of Hugh Latimer, Bishop of Worcester, and had three sons and one daughter. Latimer was burned at the stake in 1555, alongside Nicholas Ridley.[2] Latimer argued at his trial the doctrines of the having the real presence of Christ in the mass, or transubstantiation, and the assuaging of feelings of the mass were unbiblical.

The burning of Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley. From Foxe’s Book of Martyrs.

 

The three Glover brothers, Robert’s wife Mary and previous ancestors like Hugh Latimer were known to be Protestants, with a tendency to Lutheranism, at a time in Mary Tudor’s reign, 1553–8, and her insistence of Roman Catholicism being the sole doctrine.

The home of the Robert Glover. The Manor House, south-west of Mancetter church, is a timber-framed building dating from about 1330 and preserves a great deal of the original building. The family had extensive property in the area and Robert was therefore a ‘Gentleman’. His brother, John Glover, built a handsome house called Baxterley Hall.

 

            The following account of how Robert was martyred is taken from Harwood.[3] In September, 1555, Bishop Ralph Baine, a Catholic bishop[4] appointed in 1554, examined Robert Glover at Coventry who had been imprisoned for heresy. He ordered Glover and other heretics to be taken to Lichfield.[5] According to a letter written to Mary, Robert travelled on horseback and when he arrived in Lichfield at 4pm he was given supper at the Swan and then placed in the ‘church prison’. His jailor was Anthony Draycot, chancellor to the bishop, and both a lawyer and fervent Roman Catholic.[6] The ‘church prison’ could have been the current Duckit.

Robert wrote he was “placed next to the dungeon, narrow of room, strong of building, and very cold, with small light and here allowed to have a bundle of straw instead of my bed, without a chair, form, or anything else to raise myself withal”. The next night he was given a bed, but denied a request for pen, ink and paper.

Robert was then interrogated by Draycott and a prebendary. When Bishop Baine returned to Lichfield, he was called into the chamber adjoining his prison (Consistory Court below St Chad’s Head Chapel) and questioned Robert concerning his faith. The bishop commanded Robert to be silent, endeavoured to intimidate him, and upbraided him with the name of ‘proud, arrogant heretick’. It is said Glover answered the interrogations of the bishop with undaunted resolution and confidence, but was condemned by the Consistory Court, and sentenced to death in the flames.

Marginalia in Foxes’ Book of Martyrs showing Robert Glover and Cornelius Bungey.

According to Foxe he prayed all night before his execution and said to a priest friend in the morning “he is come, he is come”. He was burned alongside Cornelius Bungey, a hatmaker from Coventry, who had been interrogated with Glover. An inscription on a monument in Mancetter Church has:

TO THE SACRED MEMORY
OF
ROBERT GLOVER.
Martyr:

Laurence Saunders was a prominent cleric who was also martyred in 1555 at Coventry. All three martyrs were educated gentry and steadfast in their beliefs.

Glover, Bungey, Saunders and nine other Coventry Martyrs are remembered by a granite monument, 6 m high, in the form of a Celtic wheel-head cross stands on the island above the Coventry Ring Road, at the junction of New Union Street and Quinton Road.

South side rooms were built mid-13th century, probably in phases. The Duckit might have been the treasury and the Consistory Court originally the Prebendaries Vestry. Above was built later St Chad’s Head Chapel. The vault is entered by a stair in the south-east turret of the Duckit. The rooms were occupied by squatters during the Commonwealth Period.[7] Were these the rooms used for imprisonment?

[1] Some accounts state the next day. Martyrologist John Foxe gives the date of Robert’s burnings as "about the 20th day" in his 1563 Acts and Monuments, but fellow martyrologist the Reverend Thomas Brice gives the date as the 19th in his A Compendious Regester of 1559.

[2] Robert Glover's life was written by John Foxe, The acts and monuments of these latter and perilous days, touching matters of the church. (1563), online at http://www.exclassics.com/foxe/foxe314.htm 

[3] T. Harwood, The history and antiquities of the church and city of Lichfield. (London:1806), 285–6.

[4] See the post, ‘Bishops, Reformation to Commonwealth’.

[5] The account is summarised from J. Foxe (1563), 1555–6.

[6] He came from Draycott in the Moors, between Stoke and Uttoxeter. At Elizabeth I’s accession he refused to take the Oath of Supremacy and was stripped of all his preferments, except the rectory in Draycot. In 1560 he was in Fleet Prison and then taken home to die.

[7] N. J. Tringham, ‘An early eighteenth-century description of Lichfield Cathedral’, South Staffordshire Archaeological and Historical Society Transactions 1986–87. (1988), 28, 62.