Abstract. The Royalists had held the Close for almost 3 years. A large, experience army of Parliamentarians besieged the Close in March 1646 and believed they could starve the occupiers into submission. On 6th May, the Parliamentarians bombarded the Close for five days using heavy cannon mounted on earth banks to aim above the walls. This destroyed much of the frame of the cathedral. The Royalists finally surrendered on 16th July.
A major reason Lichfield became the target for three sieges, apart from being a fortified garrison, was because it was on a vital supply route for the Royalists. With headquarters in Oxford, Charles I had support at Newark, Nottingham and parts of Yorkshire and Lichfield was on this supply line. After the fall of Newark, the only major centres of Royalist sympathy were at Lichfield, Worcester and Oxford. At Newark Charles gave himself up to the Scots army thinking he was safe and some thought the Royalist cause was almost lost and any new battle seemed unnecessary. For Lichfield it led to the worst siege in the war.[1]
Early in March 1646, Sir William
Brereton, commander of the Parliamentarian forces in the North Midlands arrived
in Lichfield with an army drawn from several Counties. It is unclear how many
troops he commanded, one source said 3,000, but he thought there were 1000 Royalists
(more like 800) besieged in the Close and he would have commanded more. On
entry to the town, a skirmish led to three deaths. Brereton now believed time
was on his side and the tactic was to slowly starve the Close into submission.
He was clearly unaware of the preparations by the Royalists for a long siege,
including gun positions on the central tower. Between 1643 and 46 the Royalists had an effective taxation system running in Staffordshire and the garrisoned soldiers were well kept and ready for battle. Early on, the water supply to the
Close was cut off, but this made no difference because of wells in the Close. The
next move was to surround the Close with earth fortifications. He built at
least four earth mounts and placed cannon on top. The number and location of
these mounts has been much queried. There was a mount on the north side, known
as the ‘Gloucester Mount’, being guarded by men from Gloucestershire. It could
have been on Prince Rupert’s Mound, where archaeology has found a rectangular
platform, 17 m x 12 m, and in 1997, a quantity of musket balls and a fragment
of iron mortar shell. Almost certainly, a mount was constructed in Dam Street,
and another at the southwest corner. Placing them in Beacon Park, where
Brereton was camped, has been suggested, but it seems too far away. Added to
this, an earth bank was erected connecting Stowe Pool round to Beacon (Bacun)
Street and northwards. If this barrier was similar to those done elsewhere it
would have sharpened staves pointing to the close and deterring cavalry
charges. In a letter, Brereton claimed there were three mounts now built along
Beacon Street manned with 700 troops from Cheshire. Strangely, recent
examination of the central tower shows cannon and musket damage on the north,
south and east sides with little on the west side facing Beacon Street. Perhaps
the cannon firing from Beacon Street mounts struck the front of the cathedral
and this left the cannon on the other mounts to target the middle tower and
spire.
The whole cathedral appears to
have been besieged and surrounded by a formidable earth barrier mounted with
cannon on top[2]
and looking over the 15 m (50 feet) curtain wall of the Close. In defiance, Major-General
Thomas Tyldesley led Royalist cavalry in a charge from the west gate and burnt
down some houses in Beacon Street, which were providing cover. The problem for
Brereton was he was waiting for a supply of ammunition. On the 13th April, Brereton
gave an ultimatum to Tyldesley to surrender on the grounds they were hopelessly
positioned, but it was declined. It was also answered on the day with a sally
out of the Close, resulting in killing 30 and taking 50 prisoners.
A reconstruction of the redoubts and bulwarks constructed by Brereton. See the post, ‘Castle wall, 1640’ for the best idea of the
layout of the fortification before the earth mounds were built. |
On the 28th April, a soldier escaping from the Close was captured and interrogated. He let go food supplies in the Close were still sufficient, but ammunition was low. He also revealed a trench was dug out from the Close so that troops could secretly leave and attack the mounts on the north side. Much of this seems deliberate deception. However, fodder for horses was low, so the gate opened and horses were made to leave.
30lb
demi-cannon
Drawing from W. Gresley, 1840. |
Musket ball, minion, demi-culverin and fragment of a mortar grenado. |
[2]
A plaque in Lichfield suggests the heavy cannon were hauled to the top of the
mount by a train of horses.
[3]
The wall in the north-west corner was blown apart in the second siege with a
tunnel containing five barrels of gunpowder. A bombardment for five days with
60 barrels of gunpowder available might give some indication of the intensity
of battle and extent of damage caused to the cathedral.
[4]
Strangely, there are accounts with the spire falling in the first siege. See W.
Gresley, The siege of Lichfield: A tale illustrative of the Great Rebellion.
(London: 1840) and A. B. Clifton, The cathedral church of Lichfield. (London:
1900), George Bell and Sons. This is odd with Brereton describing the event in
a letter detailing the third siege.
[5]
J. Hewitt, ‘Lichfield Cathedral Close and its sieges’. Archaeological J. (1874),
31, 1, 327–336.
[6]
W. Rodwell private letter dated 10 October 1987 titled ‘The high vaults of
Lichfield Cathedral’ and deposited in the cathedral archive.
[7]
Much of this post has been guided by H. Clayton, ‘Loyal and Ancient City. The
Civil War in Lichfield’. (Lichfield, self-published: 1987).
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